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WeT STrengTh InnovaTIonS world pulppaper 39 InTroDuCTIon Solenis invented the modern era of wet-strength paper manufacturing with the introduction of Kymene wet-strength resin the first polyamido- amine- epichlorohydrin PAE resin ever brought to the market. PAE technology was an instant commercial success both for its ability to function in neutralalkaline papermaking processes and for its novel wet-strength capabilities. Today more than 90 of wet strengthened paper and board utilize PAE resins. In recent years greater awareness of the hazards posed to human health and the environment by some of the processes and chemicals used when manufacturing paper products has resulted in various regulatory measures being imposed on the industry. To ensure business sustainability papermakers must comply with these regulatory measures typically through operational changes. In addition these same regulatory concerns have driven chemical suppliers to develop new products and technologies to help papermakers meet these ever changing demands. As these regulatory measures have evolved newer generations of PAE resins have been developed. Typically these regulatory measures are specific by region so the development of a global solution will not meet the current manufacture and consumer needs in all regions. However paper manufacturers that desire to produce for the global market must ensure that regulatory compliance for both grade and region are met. By alistair J. Diack Solenis Wet strength innovations for regulatory compliances Paper manufacturers that desire to produce for the global market must ensure that regulatory compliance for both grade and region are met Product development efforts focus on meeting these regulatory and sustainability goals while maximizing the cost performance of the PAE resin. Second generation G2 products were developed to meet worker safety labeling requirements and must have less than 1000 parts per million of 13-dichloro-2-propanol 13-DCP on an as received basis. With G2 resins polymer-bound AOX is the primary contributor to AOX while 13-DCP and 3-monochloropropane-12-diol 3-MCPD are minor contributors. Subsequently third generation G3 products were developed to meet all European regulatory requirements e.g. BfR XXXVI 123. Additionally G3 and G2.5 resins were developed to allow papermakers to achieve very low AOX in effluent and very low AOX in paper to meet totally chlorine-free TCF requirements. In addition to external regulatory measures imposed in the industry major producers of wet-strengthened paper products have corporate sustainability programs to ensure the long term viability of their businesses. These programs often have a component for commitment to environmental sustainability by reducing the impact of their overall manufacturing footprint. TeChnology overvIeW The basic manufacturing process for a PAE resin begins with a low molecular weight polyaminopolyamide known as a prepolymer which his initially formed by polycondensation of adipic acid and diethylenetriamine DETA but alternative dibasic acids and acid derivatives and polyalkylenepolyamines have been used Figure 1. The ratio of the adipic acid and DETA can be varied to provide a prepolymer with higher amine functionality which provides lower levels of 13-dichloropropanol 13-DCP and 3-monochloropropane-12-diol 3-MCPD in the PAE resin. An aqueous mixture of the prepolymer is alkylated with epichlorohydrin epi at 20-40oC to initially form tertiary aminochlorohydrin ACH functionality. Good temperature control is required