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MAP utilises quantitative polymerase chain reaction qPCR to provide accurate timely and representative information about the population of microorganisms in any given sample incubation times limit the value of this approach as a problem solving tool especially when it comes to analysis of sheet defects and felts. A more rapid method for detecting microbial growth in process waters is by measuring the amount of ATP. While it is possible to quantify microbial activity in a sample with the use of the ATP assay the reaction is unable to discriminate between ATP that is produced by one type of microorganism compared to another and it does not detect organisms that are viable but inhibited. Another disadvantage is that this method cannot be used to determine microbial contribution to sheet defects because most organisms are not viable following exposure to the heat of the dryer section. In contrast to plating and ATP measurements ninhydrin staining and Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy can be used to assess microbial contribution to sheet defects. These methods are not quantitative indicating the potential presence or absence of microorganisms. They are also non-specific preventing the ability to identify the source of contamination or process location where growth is not adequately controlled. Furthermore these methods are prone to false positive or false negative results caused by chemical additives that interfere with the test method and detection limits. In addition if bacteria are detected in the defect it is not possible to tell which organism is responsible for the defect and what part of the process it originated in. METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS PROTOCOL MAP MAP is a Nalco patented technology that fills technological gaps left by traditional monitoring approaches. This technology provides the ability to quantify and identify microbial DNA present in the papermaking process Figure 2. All living things contain DNA which is a robust molecule capable of surviving conditions found in papermaking systems. Once detected microbial DNA is broken down into groups of bacteria that are known to cause problems in a papermaking environment 1. Total bacterial load of the sample The general bacterial population present in a sample 2. Primary biofilm-formers Bacteria capable of colonising clean machine surfaces 3. Adaptive biofilm-formers Bacteria that exhibit tolerance to some biocontrol programs 4. Fresh water bacteria - Bacteria including filamentous bacteria that enter the papermaking process with raw water 5. Fungi 6. Sulfate-reducing bacteria Bacteria that reduce sulfate to form hydrogen sulfide gas 7. Spore-formers Bacteria that have the propensity to form spores when experiencing an external stress e.g. nutrient depletion or biocides. MAP utilises quantitative polymerase chain reaction qPCR to provide accurate timely and representative information about the population of microorganisms in any given sample. By focusing on the potential problem developed by uncontrolled growth of these problematic organisms more WORLD PULPPAPER 63 Figure 2. corresponding to a problematic organism.